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The braid group B 3 is the universal central extension of the modular group, with these sitting as lattices inside the (topological) universal covering group SL 2 (R) → PSL 2 (R). Further, the modular group has a trivial center, and thus the modular group is isomorphic to the quotient group of B 3 modulo its center; equivalently, to the group ...
In 1973, Pierre Deligne and Michael Rapoport showed that the ring of modular forms M(Γ) is finitely generated when Γ is a congruence subgroup of SL(2, Z). [2]In 2003, Lev Borisov and Paul Gunnells showed that the ring of modular forms M(Γ) is generated in weight at most 3 when is the congruence subgroup () of prime level N in SL(2, Z) using the theory of toric modular forms. [3]
The matrices [e 1, ..., e n] are divisible by all non-zero linear forms in the variables X i with coefficients in the finite field F q. In particular the Moore determinant [0, 1, ..., n − 1] is a product of such linear forms, taken over 1 + q + q 2 + ... + q n – 1 representatives of ( n – 1)-dimensional projective space over the field.
It follows that SL(2, R) is isomorphic to the spin group Spin(2,1) +. Elements of the modular group PSL(2, Z) have additional interpretations, as do elements of the group SL(2, Z) (as linear transforms of the torus), and these interpretations can also be viewed in light of the general theory of SL(2, R).
A modular function is a function that is invariant with respect to the modular group, but without the condition that it be holomorphic in the upper half-plane (among other requirements). Instead, modular functions are meromorphic : they are holomorphic on the complement of a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function.
The modular group SL(2, Z) acts on the upper half-plane by fractional linear transformations.The analytic definition of a modular curve involves a choice of a congruence subgroup Γ of SL(2, Z), i.e. a subgroup containing the principal congruence subgroup of level N for some positive integer N, which is defined to be
In mathematics, a Hilbert modular form is a generalization of modular forms to functions of two or more variables. It is a (complex) analytic function on the m -fold product of upper half-planes H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} satisfying a certain kind of functional equation .
A related object is the classical modular polynomial, a polynomial in one variable defined as Φ n (x, x). The classical modular curves are part of the larger theory of modular curves. In particular it has another expression as a compactified quotient of the complex upper half-plane H.