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GNU GRUB to protect the bootloader password [1] Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) used to secure Wi-Fi wireless networks; Microsoft Windows Data Protection API (DPAPI) [2] OpenDocument encryption used in OpenOffice.org; WinZip's AES Encryption scheme. [3] [4] Keeper for password hashing. [5] LastPass for password hashing. [6] [7] 1Password ...
Comparison of implementations of message authentication code (MAC) algorithms. A MAC is a short piece of information used to authenticate a message—in other words, to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed in transit (its integrity).
It is possible to trivially construct any number of different password pairs with collisions within each pair. [10] If a supplied password is longer than the block size of the underlying HMAC hash function, the password is first pre-hashed into a digest, and that digest is instead used as the password. For example, the following password is too ...
Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
NaCl (Networking and Cryptography Library, pronounced "salt") is a public domain, high-speed software library for cryptography. [2] NaCl was created by the mathematician and programmer Daniel J. Bernstein, who is best known for the creation of qmail and Curve25519. The core team also includes Tanja Lange and Peter Schwabe.
In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force attack by increasing the resources (time and possibly space) it takes to test each possible key. Passwords or passphrases created by humans are often short or predictable enough to allow password ...
PKCS #7 files may be stored both as raw DER format or as PEM format. PEM format is the same as DER format but wrapped inside Base64 encoding and sandwiched in between ‑‑‑‑‑BEGIN PKCS7‑‑‑‑‑ and ‑‑‑‑‑END PKCS7‑‑‑‑‑. Windows uses the .p7b file name extension [6] for both these encodings.
The newest version of CMS (as of 2024) is specified in RFC 5652 (but also see RFC 5911 for updated ASN.1 modules conforming to ASN.1 2002 and RFC 8933 and RFC 9629 for updates to the standard). The architecture of CMS is built around certificate-based key management, such as the profile defined by the PKIX working group .