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The Anglo-Saxon lyre, also known as the Germanic lyre, a rotta, (Old Norse : Hörpu) [1] or the Viking lyre, is a large plucked and strummed lyre that was played in Anglo-Saxon England, and more widely, in Germanic regions of northwestern Europe. The oldest lyre found in England dates before 450 AD and the most recent dates to the 10th century.
The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. [5] In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern-Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. [6]
Five-string lyre from the Durham Cassiodorus, 8th-century A.D., England King David with his lyre, Vespasian Psalter, 8th century A.D. Kravic lyre, excavated at the Kravic farm in Numedal, Norway. Made of pine with seven strings. Woman with lyre, Germany circa 1125-1150, from the Zwiefalten Passionale: Monochord
"The Guitar Player" by V.A. Tropinin (1823) The Russian guitar or gypsy guitar is a seven-string acoustic guitar tuned to the open G tuning (DGBDGBD), [5] which arrived or was developed early in the 19th century in Russia, possibly as a development of the cittern, the kobza and the torban.
The cithara is said to have been the invention of Apollo, the god of music. [7] Apollo is often depicted playing a cithara instead of a lyre, often dressed in a kitharode ’s formal robes. Kitharoidos , or Citharoedus , is an epithet given to Apollo, which means "lyre-singer" or "one who sings to the lyre".
The cythara is a wide group of stringed instruments of medieval and Renaissance Europe, including not only the lyre and harp but also necked, string instruments. [1] In fact, unless a medieval document gives an indication that it meant a necked instrument, then it likely was referring to a lyre.
The three strings are attached to the bridge ("donkey"), a component that carries three incisions - notches to keep the strings stable. Inside the lyre, a piece of wood, the soundpost, is wedged. The sides of the instrument are flat and are called "magla" (cheeks). The neck ("goula") is the point at which the lyre player holds the instrument.
The Byzantine lyra or lira (Greek: λύρα) was a medieval bowed string musical instrument in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire.In its popular form, the lyra was a pear-shaped instrument with three to five strings, held upright and played by stopping the strings from the side with the fingertips and fingernails.