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  2. Needle ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_ice

    Needle ice phenomena play a particularly significant role in patterned ground in periglacial environments. [8] The growth of needle ice lifts a detached, frozen soil crust riding on top of the layer of ice. When the crust and the ice melt, the soil surface settles back irregularly. This phenomenon is linked to erosion, particularly on ...

  3. Frost heaving - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_heaving

    This effect allows water to percolate through the soil towards the ice lens, allowing the lens to grow. Another water-transport effect is the preservation of a few molecular layers of liquid water on the surface of the ice lens, and between ice and soil particles. Faraday reported in 1860 on the unfrozen layer of premelted water. [14] Ice ...

  4. Glossary of geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geology

    The displacement of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) usually by the agents of currents such as wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms (in the case of bioerosion). erratic A piece of rock that deviates from the size and type of rock native to the area in which it rests.

  5. Conservation and restoration of waterlogged wood - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and...

    Waterlogged wood is a wooden object that has been submerged or partially submerged in water and has affected the original intended purpose or look of the object. . Waterlogged wood objects can also include wood found within moist soil from archaeological sites, underwater archaeology, maritime debris, or damaged w

  6. Aspergillus flavus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_flavus

    Aspergillus flavus overwinters in the soil and appears as propagules on decaying matter, either as mycelia or sclerotia. Sclerotia germinate to produce additional hyphae and asexual spores called conidia. These conidia are said to be the primary inoculum for A. flavus. The propagules in the soil, which are now conidia, are dispersed by wind and ...

  7. Glossary of agriculture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture

    (pl.) aboiteaux A sluice or conduit built beneath a coastal dike, with a hinged gate or a one-way valve that closes during high tide, preventing salt water from flowing into the sluice and flooding the land behind the dike, but remains open during low tide, allowing fresh water precipitation and irrigation runoff to drain from the land into the sea; or a method of land reclamation which relies ...

  8. Ice segregation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_segregation

    Ice lenses are responsible for palsa (picture) growth. The basic condition for ice segregation and frost heaving is existence of a region in soil or porous rock which is relatively permeable, is in a temperature range which allows the coexistence of ice and water (in a premelted state), and has a temperature gradient across the region. [7]

  9. Muskeg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeg

    Pieces of wood can make up five to fifteen percent of the peat soil. The water table tends to be near the surface. The sphagnum moss forming it can hold fifteen to thirty times its own weight in water, which allows the spongy wet muskeg to also form on sloping ground.