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The Paternal Care hypothesis: Paternal care and investment will be designated to biological offspring, increasing the infant's chance of survival, and therefore increasing the male's own fitness. [ 33 ] [ 27 ] This hypothesis requires the on male to use recognition and behavioural cues to distinguish their own offspring from other infants. [ 29 ]
In birds, this parental care system is generally attributed to the ability of male birds to engage in most parental behaviours, with the exception of egg-laying. Due to their endothermy and small size at birth, there is a huge pressure for infant birds to grow up quickly to prevent energy loss.
Sexual selection is an evolutionary concept that has been used to explain why, in some species, male and female individuals behave differently in selecting mates. In 1930, Ronald Fisher wrote The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, [3] in which he introduced the modern concept of parental investment, introduced the sexy son hypothesis, and introduced Fisher's principle.
Although maternal care is essential in many classes of vertebrates, it is the most prevalent in mammals, since the care from the mother is essential for feeding and nourishing their young. [1] Because the care exhibited by the mother plays such a large role in mammals, the role of the male is often very limited.
Extra-pair copulation in men has been explained as being partly due to parental investment. [7] Research has suggested that copulation poses more of a risk to future investment for women, as they have the potential of becoming pregnant, and consequently require a large parental investment of the gestation period, and then further rearing of the offspring. [7]
Alloparenting (or alloparental care) is a term for any form of parental care provided by an individual towards young that are not its own direct offspring. These are often called "non-descendant" young, [1] even though grandchildren can be among them. [2] Among humans, alloparenting is often performed by a child's grandparents and older siblings.
Demonstration for parental leave in the European Parliament. Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries. [1] The term "parental leave" may include maternity, paternity, and adoption leave; or may be used distinctively from "maternity leave" and "paternity leave" to describe separate family leave available to either parent to care for their own ...
Bi-parental care may occur when there is a lower chance of survival of the offspring without male care. The evolution of this care has been associated with energetically expensive offspring. [16] Bi-parental care is exhibited in many avian species. [13] In these cases, the male has a greater chance to increase his own fitness by seeing that his ...