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Good sought to identify buffering compounds which met several criteria likely to be of value in biological research. p K a : Because most biological reactions take place near-neutral pH between 6 and 8, ideal buffers would have p K a values in this region to provide maximum buffering capacity there.
Buffer capacity falls to 33% of the maximum value at pH = pK a ± 1, to 10% at pH = pK a ± 1.5 and to 1% at pH = pK a ± 2. For this reason the most useful range is approximately pK a ± 1. When choosing a buffer for use at a specific pH, it should have a pK a value as close as possible to that pH. [2]
Buffer profiles and level – Once the strategically replenished positions are determined, the actual levels of those buffers have to be initially set. Based on several factors, different materials and parts behave differently (but many also behave nearly the same).
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range. Boric acid has a pK a of 9.14 at 25 °C.
As temperature rises from 25 °C to 37 °C, the pH of a tris buffer will decrease an average of 0.025 units per degree. [ 9 ] In general, a 10-fold increase in tris buffer concentration will lead to a 0.05 unit increase in pH and vice versa.
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer. It was introduced in 1921 by the United States agronomist Theodore Clinton McIlvaine (1875–1959) from West Virginia University , and it can be prepared in pH 2.2 to 8 by mixing two stock solutions.
Bis-Tris propane wide buffering range is also useful for calibration of genetically encoded pH indicators expressed in the cytosol or mitochondria. [6] Bis-Tris propane has been used as the buffering agent in separation of full and empty capsids of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors with anion-exchange chromatography .
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