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Greek: the ridge height is 1 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 7 the span (an angle of 12.5° to 16°); Roman: the ridge height is 2 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 3 the span (an angle of 24° to 34°); Common: the rafter length is 3 ⁄ 4 the span (about 48°); Gothic: the rafters equal the span (60°); and; Elizabethan: the rafters are longer than the span (more than 60°). [7]
Hammer beam trusses can have a single hammerbeam or multiple hammerbeams. A false hammerbeam roof (truss) has two definitions: 1) There is no hammer post on the hammer beam [16] [17] as sometimes found in a type of arch brace truss [18] or; 2)The hammer beam joins into the hammer post instead of the hammer post landing on the hammer beam. [19]
For longer span rafters, building materials manufacturers have created laminated veneer lumber (LVL) rafters that can be 2–5 times longer than typical wood rafter. In the US, most wood rafters have maximum length of 20 feet (6.1 m). [5] If a longer rafter is needed, LVL is an alternative.
The Maidenhead Railway Bridge may have the two longest arches made of bricks, 39 metres (128 ft). Building new masonry arch bridges today is a solely Chinese business. There are 18 stone arch bridges with spans exceeding 100 m (330 ft). [1] There are probably several dozens of stone arches exceeding 40m in the Fujian province only. [2]
Building codes in the U.S. specify ventilation rates as a minimum of 1 sq ft (0.093 m 2) of opening per 150 sq ft (14 m 2) (1:150) with a ratio of 1:300 in some conditions. [8] Warm air rises, so ceiling insulation is designed to have a higher r-value and the insulation is often installed between the ceiling joists or rafters.
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An 1883 article from The American Architect and Building News compares three alternatives in a hypothetical railway station "in which the second story is devoted to offices, and where we must use girders to support the second floor of 25-foot span, and not less than 12 feet on centres if we can avoid it.
Ridge-post framing is an old type of timber framing. The ridge board of their roof is not carried by king posts based on tie beams, but the ridge posts are based on the ground work. The German term for this construction is Firstständerhaus .