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This is a list of official symbols of the United States Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Official symbols of the commonwealth are codified in Chapter 2 of the Massachusetts General Laws . [ 1 ]
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula.
An m × n matrix: the m rows are horizontal and the n columns are vertical. Each element of a matrix is often denoted by a variable with two subscripts.For example, a 2,1 represents the element at the second row and first column of the matrix.
In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix U is unitary if its matrix inverse U −1 equals its conjugate transpose U *, that is, if = =, where I is the identity matrix.. In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger ( † ), so the equation above is written
In linear algebra, linear transformations can be represented by matrices.If is a linear transformation mapping to and is a column vector with entries, then there exists an matrix , called the transformation matrix of , [1] such that: = Note that has rows and columns, whereas the transformation is from to .
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size is the square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation.
A stochastic matrix describes a Markov chain X t over a finite state space S with cardinality α.. If the probability of moving from i to j in one time step is Pr(j|i) = P i,j, the stochastic matrix P is given by using P i,j as the i-th row and j-th column element, e.g.,
In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix.A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zero. . Similarly, a square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal