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In the early years, steam engines and electric motors were tried, but with limited success. In the 20th century, the internal combustion engine (ICE), became dominant. In 2015, the internal combustion engine remains the most widely used but a resurgence of electricity seems likely because of increasing concern about ic engine exhaust gas emissions.
Due to higher voltage, more energy can be recuperated when decelerating or going downhill. Electric motor can start the engine with vehicle in gear making take-off with stalled combustion engine smooth and instantaneous. [10] 48V starter-generator can also be mounted differently and be uncoupled from combustion engine by transmission or clutch.
The automobile self starter was an early engine system to use this. Lighting, which had previously been provided by kerosene lamps or gas lamps, was one of the first common electrical accessories. Early systems used 6 volts, but 12 volts became the standard because it provided greater power with less current.
The wide gear span [a] allows the engine speed level to be lowered (downspeeding), which is a decisive factor in improving energy efficiency and thus reducing fuel consumption by 6.5 %. [8] In addition, the lower engine speed level improves the noise-vibration-harshness comfort and the exterior noise is reduced by up to 4 dB(A). [ 1 ]
The engine produced 48.6 bhp (0.09 bhp per cubic inch) and ran very quietly, which was an asset to the bootleggers of that era. [9] [10] [11] Multi-valve engines continued to be popular in racing and sports engines. Robert M. Roof, the chief engineer for Laurel Motors, designed his multi-valve Roof Racing Overheads early in the 20th century ...
The Modular Engine Management System, or MEMS, is an electronic control system used on engines in passenger cars built by Rover Group in the 1990s. As its name implies, it was adaptable for a variety of engine management demands, including electronically controlled carburetion as well as single- and multi-point fuel injection (both with and without electronic ignition control).
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Low speed diesel engines like the MAN S80ME-C7 have achieved an overall energy conversion efficiency of 54.4%, which is the highest conversion of fuel into power by any single-cycle internal or external combustion engine. [9] [10] [11] Engines in large diesel trucks, buses, and newer diesel cars can achieve peak efficiencies around 45%. [12]