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The term "relativistic mass" tends not to be used in particle and nuclear physics and is often avoided by writers on special relativity, in favor of referring to the body's relativistic energy. [1] In contrast, "invariant mass" is usually preferred over rest energy.
This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total energy E, invariant mass m 0, and momentum of magnitude p; the constant c is the speed of light. It assumes the special relativity case of flat spacetime [1] [2] [3] and that the particles are free.
Static mass increase is a third effect noted by Einstein in the same paper. [6] The effect is an increase in inertia of a body when other masses are placed nearby. While not strictly a frame dragging effect (the term frame dragging is not used by Einstein), it is demonstrated by Einstein that it derives from the same equation of general relativity.
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein 's 1905 paper, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies , the theory is presented as being based on just two postulates : [ p 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The following notations are used very often in special relativity: Lorentz factor = where = and v is the relative velocity between two inertial frames.. For two frames at rest, γ = 1, and increases with relative velocity between the two inertial frames.
Three data points of Rogers et al., in agreement with special relativity. In 1940, Rogers et al. performed the first electron deflection test sufficiently precise to definitely rule out competing models. As in the Bucherer-Neumann experiments, the velocity and the charge-mass-ratio of beta particles of velocities up to 0.75c was measured.
Mass–energy equivalence arose from special relativity as a paradox described by the French polymath Henri Poincaré (1854–1912). [4] Einstein was the first to propose the equivalence of mass and energy as a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time.
Consequently, in some old texts, γ(v) 3 m 0 is referred to as the longitudinal mass, and γ(v)m 0 is referred to as the transverse mass, which is numerically the same as the relativistic mass. See mass in special relativity. If one inverts this to calculate acceleration from force, one gets