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Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) is a bone disease that occurs most often in fast-growing large and giant breed dogs; however, it also affects medium breed animals like the Australian Shepherd. The disorder is sometimes referred to as metaphyseal osteopathy , and typically first presents between the ages of 2 and 7 months. [ 1 ]
Dogs have ear mobility that allows them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Eighteen or more muscles can tilt, rotate, raise, or lower a dog's ear. A dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, as well as hear sounds at four times the distance. [41] Dogs can lose their hearing from age or an ear infection. [42]
De Quervain syndrome causes pain over the styloid process of the radius. [3] [4] This is due to the passage of the inflamed extensor pollicis brevis tendon and abductor pollicis longus tendon around it. [4] [5] The styloid process of the radius is a useful landmark during arthroscopic resection of the scaphoid bone. [6]
The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). It rotates around the ulna and the far end (where it joins to the bones of the hand), known as the styloid process of the radius, is [clarification needed] the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle). The ulna acts ...
[1] [13] [14] In the dog and horse, the bones of the proximal limbs are oriented vertically, whereas the distal limb structures of the ankle and foot have an angulated orientation. In humans and elephants, a vertical-column orientation of the bones in the limbs and feet is also evident for associated skeletal muscle-tendon units. [6]
Bones are commonly described with the terms head, neck, shaft, body and base. The head of a bone usually refers to the distal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of long bone, and the neck the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the base.
A dog with degenerative myelopathy often stands with its legs close together and may not correct an unusual foot position due to a lack of conscious proprioception. Canine degenerative myelopathy, also known as chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy, is an incurable, progressive disease of the canine spinal cord that is similar in many ways to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The most commonly affected bones are the proximal humerus, the distal radius, the distal femur, and the tibia, [37] following the basic premise "far from the elbow, close to the knee". Other sites include the ribs, the mandible, the spine, and the pelvis. Rarely, osteosarcoma may arise from soft tissues (extraskeletal osteosarcoma).