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A certified pre-owned car or CPO [citation needed] is a type of used car.It is also used in references to guns and phones. The term "certified pre-owned was conceived by corporations [citation needed] in order to find a more favorable alternative to marketing products as 'used,' which causes purchasers to impose their cognitive biases associated with 'used' items onto prospective purchases.
However, the concept has been used in practice in a broader sense, which includes self-certified certificates of origin as well (e.g., in NAFTA). [2] Taking into account this fact, the International Chamber of Commerce provides a simpler and more comprehensive definition which covers both self-certification and authorized certification: [3]
Type approval or certificate of conformity is granted to a product that meets a minimum set of regulatory, technical and safety requirements. Generally, type approval is required before a product is allowed to be sold in a particular country, so the requirements for a given product will vary around the world.
A proof of delivery (POD) is a document that substantiates that goods have been delivered to their intended recipient. [1] For example, a POD can establish that carrier has satisfied its terms of a contract of carriage for cargo by confirmation of delivery to the recipient or consignee.
Ship registration has been done since business on the seas has been important. Originally meant to control ships carrying cargo in European seafaring countries, [1] it was used to make sure ships were being built in the local country, with crews predominantly of the local country. [4]
A commercial invoice is used to calculate tariffs, international commercial terms, and is commonly used for customs purposes. Commercial Invoices are generally not needed for shipments between EU Countries—just between EU Countries and non-EU Countries. [3] Commercial invoices in European countries are not normally for payment.
Co-brokering is a legal practice used to ensure there is an available truck to transport freight. A 4PL may use a 3PL broker to match loads with trucks, with a shippers knowledge. The primary broker will take a lesser amount of the fee and the secondary broker will book the load for transport receiving a larger share of the same fee. [7]
The international shipping industry can be divided into four closely related shipping markets, each trading in a different commodity: the freight market, the sale and purchase market, the newbuilding market and the demolition market. These four markets are linked by cash flow and push the market traders in the direction they want.