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The crusading movement found that creating a single accepted ideology and an understanding of that ideology was a practical challenge. This was because the church did not have the necessary bureaucratic systems to consolidate thinking across the papacy, the monastic orders, mendicant friars, and the developing universities. [ 84 ]
Inspired by the First Crusade, the crusading movement went on to define late medieval western culture and impacted the history of the western Islamic world. [218] Christendom was geopolitical, and this underpinned the practice of the medieval Church. Reformists of the 11th century urged these ideas which declined following the Reformation.
The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries (1975), [112] and Norman Housley's The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992) [113] and The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700 (1995). [114] Barbara Tuchman's A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (1978) provides an interesting perspective on both the crusades and the general history of ...
Northern Crusades: 1226 1525 Hospitaller Rhodes [12] Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes: 1310 1522 Notes ... This page was last edited on 1 June 2024, at 18:17 (UTC).
Crusades against Christians were Christian religious wars dating from the 11th century First Crusade when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy. Later in the 12th century the focus of crusades century focus changed from non-christian pagans and infidels to heretics and schismatics.
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
The Crusades: A History of Armed Pilgrimage and Holy War. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2003. New ed.: The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2004. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes. Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204. Translated by J. C. Morris and Jean E. Ridings.
According to Thomas W. Smith, it "represents a keystone in our understanding of how the papacy organized and engaged with the crusading movement in the thirteenth century". [14] Christopher Tyerman described it as Innocent's "great crusade encyclical", [27] while J. A. Watt argued that it was the "classical papal document of crusading ...