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Crookes X-ray tube from around 1910 Another Crookes x-ray tube. The device attached to the neck of the tube (right) is an "osmotic softener". When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater, [16] it can accelerate the electrons to a high enough velocity to create X-rays when they hit the anode or the glass wall of the tube.
Little more was done with this phenomenon until 1856 when German glassblower Heinrich Geissler created a mercury vacuum pump that evacuated a glass tube to an extent not previously possible. Geissler invented the first gas-discharge lamp, the Geissler tube, consisting of a partially evacuated glass tube with a metal electrode at either
A Geissler tube is composed of a sealed glass cylinder of various shapes, which is partially evacuated and equipped with a metal electrode at each end. It contains rarefied gases—such as neon or argon, air, mercury vapor, or other conductive substances, and sometimes ionizable minerals or metals like sodium.
A vactrain (or vacuum tube train) is a proposed design for very-high-speed rail transportation. It is a maglev (magnetic levitation) line using partly evacuated tubes or tunnels.
It consisted of a partially evacuated glass tube with two electrodes. When a high potential of several thousand volts is applied between the electrodes, cathode rays are emitted by the negative electrode (right) and travel in straight lines through the tube. When they hit the glass wall of the tube (left) they cause it to glow or fluoresce. In ...
These tubes are manufactured with a specific volume of gas removed from the sealed tube. When a needle from a hub or transfer device is inserted into the stopper, the tube's vacuum automatically pulls in the required volume of blood. [citation needed] The basic Evacuated Tube System (ETS) consists of a needle, a tube holder, and the evacuated ...
Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap. [1] [2] They include the sodium-vapor lamp that is the gas-discharge lamp in street lighting. [3] [4] [1] [2]
Crookes tubes generated the electrons needed to create X-rays by ionization of the residual air in the tube, instead of a heated filament, so they were partially but not completely evacuated. They consisted of a glass bulb with around 10 −6 to 5×10 −8 atmospheric pressure of air (0.1 to 0.005 Pa ).