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A WNIC, just like other NICs, works on the layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model and uses an antenna to communicate via radio waves. A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an expansion card and connected using PCI bus or PCIe bus, or connected via USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, Mini PCIe or M.2.
Furthermore, it is the foundation of many other MAC protocols used in wireless sensor networks (WSN). [2] The IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS mechanism is adopted from this protocol. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It uses RTS-CTS-DS-DATA-ACK frame sequence for transferring data, sometimes preceded by an RTS-RRTS frame sequence, in view to provide solution to the hidden node ...
A historical example of this hybrid situation is the DECnet protocol, where the universal MAC address (OUI AA-00-04, Digital Equipment Corporation) is administered locally. The DECnet software assigns the last three bytes for the complete MAC address to be AA-00-04-00-XX-YY where XX-YY reflects the DECnet network address xx.yy of the host.
WiMAX release 2.1, popularly branded as WiMAX 2+, is a backwards-compatible transition from previous WiMAX generations. It is compatible and interoperable with TD-LTE . Newer versions, still backward compatible, include WiMAX release 2.2 (2014) and WiMAX release 3 (2021, adds interoperation with 5G NR ).
The MAC sublayer and the logical link control (LLC) sublayer together make up the data link layer. The LLC provides flow control and multiplexing for the logical link (i.e. EtherType, 802.1Q VLAN tag etc), while the MAC provides flow control and multiplexing for the transmission medium. These two sublayers together correspond to layer 2 of the ...
For example, a station can tell another station to set up a block acknowledgement by sending an ADDBA Request action frame. The other station would then respond with an ADDBA Response action frame. Wi-Fi Neighbor Awareness Networking (NAN), also known as Wi-Fi Aware , service discovery frames are NAN-specific public action frames. [ 4 ]
High speed (HS) rate of 480 Mbit/s was introduced in 2001 by USB 2.0. High-speed devices must also be capable of falling-back to full-speed as well, making high-speed devices backward compatible with USB 1.1 hosts. Connectors are identical for USB 2.0 and USB 1.x. SuperSpeed (SS) rate of 5.0 Gbit/s. The written USB 3.0 specification was ...
The name is often written as WiFi, Wifi, or wifi, but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The name Wi-Fi is not short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity', [ 34 ] although the Wi-Fi Alliance did use the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, [ 31 ] [ 33 ] [ 35 ] and the Wi-Fi ...