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Visual cues include sight of a preferred drug, or advertisement, or environment where drug use occurs (e.g., bar, house, neighborhood). [4] Olfactory cues include smell of preferred drug or smells associated with drug use. Gustation cues include having a sip of alcohol or initial inhale of smoke. Cues that are exteroceptive are the most ...
For instance, a drug user will be most tolerant to the drug in the presence of cues that have been associated with it, because such cues elicit compensatory responses. As a result, overdose is usually not due to an increase in dosage, but due to taking the drug in a new place without familiar cues, which would have otherwise allowed the user to ...
Due to the effect of reward cues and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer on the amplification of incentive salience for rewarding stimuli, PIT is believed to be one of the mechanisms responsible for producing "cue-triggered wanting", or craving, for a drug that occurs when an individual with a drug addiction is exposed to drug cues [note 2] even ...
Cues such as a certain smell associated with the drug or hearing the war stories of other addicts could prompt a relapse. “The brain changes, and it doesn’t recover when you just stop the drug because the brain has been actually changed,” Kreek explained.
The neurochemical, glutamate, is the most abundant neurochemical in the brain; it is critical in memory consolidation. When an addict discovers an addicting behavior, glutamate plays a role by creating the drug cues. It is the neurochemical in motivation which initiates the drug seeking, thus creating the addiction. [35]
[41] [42] [43] Thus, if an addicted individual encounters one of these drug cues, a craving for the associated drug may reappear. For example, anti-drug agencies previously used posters with images of drug paraphernalia as an attempt to show the dangers of drug use.
Virtual Reality Cue Reactivity (VRCR) is a computer-enhanced methodology used to assess behavioral and physiological reactivity to drug and alcohol sensory cues. Studies indicate that cue reactivity—a response to the presentation of various visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile cues—increases physiological excitement in addicts. [ 1 ]
It is critical for forming associations between the rewarding experience of drug use and cues in the environment. Importantly, these cues are strong mediators of drug-seeking behavior and can trigger relapse even after months or years of abstinence. [152] [32] Other brain structures that are involved in addiction include: