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The resolution rule, as defined by Robinson, also incorporated factoring, which unifies two literals in the same clause, before or during the application of resolution as defined above. The resulting inference rule is refutation-complete, [ 6 ] in that a set of clauses is unsatisfiable if and only if there exists a derivation of the empty ...
Given a goal clause, represented as the negation of a problem to be solved : with selected literal , and an input definite clause: . whose positive literal (atom) unifies with the atom of the selected literal , SLD resolution derives another goal clause, in which the selected literal is replaced by the negative literals of the input clause and the unifying substitution is applied:
It was introduced in 1961 by Martin Davis, George Logemann and Donald W. Loveland and is a refinement of the earlier Davis–Putnam algorithm, which is a resolution-based procedure developed by Davis and Hilary Putnam in 1960. Especially in older publications, the Davis–Logemann–Loveland algorithm is often referred to as the "Davis–Putnam ...
A graphical representation of a partially built propositional tableau. In proof theory, the semantic tableau [1] (/ t æ ˈ b l oʊ, ˈ t æ b l oʊ /; plural: tableaux), also called an analytic tableau, [2] truth tree, [1] or simply tree, [2] is a decision procedure for sentential and related logics, and a proof procedure for formulae of first-order logic. [1]
Then, for each variable , a score is calculated summing the additivity of all the resolution steps in with pivot together with the number of these resolution steps. Denoting each score calculated this way by a d d ( v , π ) {\displaystyle add(v,\pi )} , each variable is selected with a probability proportional to its score:
[10] [11] However, these successes are sporadic, and work on hard problems usually requires a proficient user. Another distinction is sometimes drawn between theorem proving and other techniques, where a process is considered to be theorem proving if it consists of a traditional proof, starting with axioms and producing new inference steps ...
Vectorization first creates a resolution-independent vector representation of the graphic to be scaled. Then the resolution-independent version is rendered as a raster image at the desired resolution. This technique is used by Adobe Illustrator Live Trace, Inkscape, and several recent papers. [6]
A (resolution) refutation of C is a resolution proof of from C. It is a common given a node η {\displaystyle \eta } , to refer to the clause η {\displaystyle \eta } or η {\displaystyle \eta } ’s clause meaning the conclusion clause of η {\displaystyle \eta } , and (sub)proof η {\displaystyle \eta } meaning the (sub)proof having η ...