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Long-latency connections also benefit; in the case of satellites orbiting distant planets, retransmission due to errors would create a delay of several hours. FEC is also widely used in modems and in cellular networks. FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier.
The performance of an echo canceller is measured in echo return loss enhancement (ERLE), [3] [9] which is the amount of additional signal loss applied by the echo canceller. Most echo cancellers are able to apply 18 to 35 dB ERLE. The total signal loss of the echo (ACOM) is the sum of the ERL and ERLE. [9] [10]
The XPIC algorithm attains the correct reconstruction of H by summing V to H to cancel any residual interference, and vice versa. Cross-polarization cancelling scheme involving equalization on the main path, XPIC filtering on the cross-polarized component and decision (slicing) with computation of residual error
Adaptive feedback cancellation originated during the evolution of the hearing aid. The hearing aid became digital, and as such feedback cancellation was needed. In 1980 a directional microphone was introduced in the digital hearing aid, and adaptive feedback cancellation was created to block external noise that the microphone picked up. Today ...
Error-correcting codes are used in lower-layer communication such as cellular network, high-speed fiber-optic communication and Wi-Fi, [11] [12] as well as for reliable storage in media such as flash memory, hard disk and RAM. [13] Error-correcting codes are usually distinguished between convolutional codes and block codes:
They also have a lower (albeit practically imperceptible) input latency, which results in a slightly more responsive button input and a more stable connection. They also don’t require batteries.
The time period that must elapse before attempting to increase the rate again may, itself, be determined by an exponential backoff algorithm. Typically, recovery of the rate occurs more slowly than reduction of the rate due to backoff and often requires careful tuning to avoid oscillation of the rate. [1]
In general, a quantum code for a quantum channel is a subspace , where is the state Hilbert space, such that there exists another quantum channel with () = =, where is the orthogonal projection onto .