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Variations in healthcare provider training & experience [45] [52] and failure to acknowledge the prevalence and seriousness of medical errors also increase the risk. [53] [54] The so-called July effect occurs when new residents arrive at teaching hospitals, causing an increase in medication errors according to a study of data from 1979 to 2006.
Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This ...
After an adverse event occurs, each country has its own way of dealing with the incident. In Canada, a quality improvement review is primarily used. A quality improvement review is an evaluation that is completed after an adverse event occurs with the intention to both fix the problem as well as prevent it from happening again. [41]
The definition continues to undergo more minor change. [8] A provisional report for the 10 month period April 1st 2017 to 31st Jan 2018 acknowledged 393 never events within NHS England, including 172 wrong site surgeries, 97 retained foreign body post procedures, 60 wrong implants/prostheses and 31 medication administration errors.
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
An adverse event is considered serious if it meets one or more of the following criteria: results in death, or is life-threatening; requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity; results in a congenital anomaly (birth defect); or
Adverse events categorized as "serious" (results in death, illness requiring hospitalization, events deemed life-threatening, results in persistent or significant incapacity, a congenital anomaly or medically important condition) must be reported to the regulatory authorities immediately, whereas non-serious adverse events are merely documented ...
Adverse reactions, such as allergic reactions to drugs, even when unexpected by pharmacotherapists, are also classified as iatrogenic. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is iatrogenic as well. [9] Bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics have evolved in response to the over prescription of antibiotic drugs. [10]