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Key features detected in the ultrasound of a person with Hashimoto's thyroiditis include "echogenicity, heterogeneity, hypervascularity, and presence of small cysts." [ 15 ] Images obtained with ultrasound can evaluate the size of the thyroid, reveal the presence of nodules, or provide clues to the diagnosis of other thyroid conditions.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid. [1] TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought to suffer from hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or to monitor the effectiveness of either thyroid-suppression or hormone replacement therapy.
In areas where iodine-deficiency is not found, the most common type of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune subtype called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, with a prevalence of 1-2%. [40] As for hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, another autoimmune condition, is the most common type with a prevalence of 0.5% in males and 3% in females. [41]
[8] [9] Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine. [3] Less common causes include previous treatment with radioactive iodine , injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth , or previous thyroid surgery .
Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are commonly associated with the presence of anti-thyroid autoantibodies. Although there is overlap, anti-TPO antibodies are most commonly associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and activating TRAb's are most commonly associated with Graves' disease.
Hashimoto's encephalopathy, also known as steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), is a neurological condition characterized by encephalopathy, thyroid autoimmunity, and good clinical response to corticosteroids. It is associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and was first
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis [2] Thyroglobulin antigen Hypothyroidism, hard goiter, follicular thymitis Inflammatory bowel disease [2] Enteric microbiota and/or self antigens Hyperactivation of T-cells, cytokine release, recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells, inflammation Multiple sclerosis [2] Myelin antigens (e.g., myelin basic protein)