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Unlike the other two fictitious forces, the centrifugal force always points radially outward from the axis of rotation of the rotating frame, with magnitude , where is the component of the position vector perpendicular to , and unlike the Coriolis force in particular, it is independent of the motion of the particle in the rotating frame.
It is the perpendicular force exerted on the contents of the rotor as a result of the rotation, always relative to the gravity of the Earth, which measures the strength of rotors of different types and sizes. For instance, the RCF of 1000 x g means that the centrifugal force is 1000 times stronger than the Earth's gravitational force.
When examining a system computationally one may be interested in knowing how the free energy changes as a function of some inter- or intramolecular coordinate (such as the distance between two atoms or a torsional angle). The free energy surface along the chosen coordinate is referred to as the potential of mean force (PMF). If the system of ...
Part of force field of ethane for the C-C stretching bond. In the context of chemistry, molecular physics, physical chemistry, and molecular modelling, a force field is a computational model that is used to describe the forces between atoms (or collections of atoms) within molecules or between molecules as well as in crystals.
The sedimentation coefficient is typically dependent on the concentration of the solute (i.e. a macromolecular solute such as a protein). Despite 80+ years of study, there is not yet a consensus on the way to perfectly model this relationship while also taking into account all possible non-ideal terms to account for the diverse possible sizes, shapes, and densities of molecular solutes. [2]
However, it is often convenient to talk about a body force in terms of either the force per unit volume or the force per unit mass. If the force per unit volume is of interest, it is referred to as the force density throughout the system. A body force is distinct from a contact force in that the force does not require contact for transmission.
They are obtained from the applied forces F i, i = 1, …, n, acting on a system that has its configuration defined in terms of generalized coordinates. In the formulation of virtual work , each generalized force is the coefficient of the variation of a generalized coordinate.
Based on wind resistance, for example, the terminal velocity of a skydiver in a belly-to-earth (i.e., face down) free-fall position is about 195 km/h (122 mph or 54 m/s). [3] This velocity is the asymptotic limiting value of the acceleration process, because the effective forces on the body balance each other more and more closely as the ...