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The autoignition temperature or self-ignition temperature, often called spontaneous ignition temperature or minimum ignition temperature (or shortly ignition temperature) and formerly also known as kindling point, of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. [1]
The original M47 diesel engine featured non-common-rail direct fuel injection and a 2.0 L; 119.1 cu in (1,951 cc) block. First seen in 1998, the M47D20 produced 100 kW (136 PS; 134 hp) and 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) in its original 320d/520d guise, and 85 kW (116 PS; 114 hp) with 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) in the 318d variant.
Diesel engines are used in aircraft, automobiles, power generation, diesel–electric locomotives, and both surface ships and submarines. The Diesel cycle is assumed to have constant pressure during the initial part of the combustion phase (to in the diagram, below). This is an idealized mathematical model: real physical diesels do have an ...
1952 Shell Oil film showing the development of the diesel engine from 1877. The diesel engine, named after the German engineer Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of diesel fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is called a compression-ignition engine (CI engine).
The 6HP is the first transmission to use this 6-speed gearset concept. The last 6HP automatic transmission was produced by the Saarbrücken plant in March 2014 after 7,050,232 units were produced. [3] [4] The ZF plant in Shanghai continued to produce the 6HP for the Chinese market. [3]
The operation of a dual-clutch transmission is analogous to two traditional manual transmissions, each with its own clutch, operating in parallel and alternating shifts. The Ford unit is a six-speed with one clutch acting on reverse, first, third, and fifth gears, and the other used for second, fourth, sixth gears.
The Volkswagen 01M transmission is an electronic/hydraulic four-speed automatic transmission deployed in Cabrio, Jetta, Golf, GTI, New Beetle manufactured between 1995 through 2005, and transverse engine Passats manufactured between 1995 through 1997. This transmission was entirely engineered and most probably manufactured by the French company ...
Automatic transmission fluids have many performance-enhancing chemicals added to the fluid to meet the demands of each transmission. [ citation needed ] Some ATF specifications are open to competing brands, such as the common DEXRON specification, where different manufacturers use different chemicals to meet the same performance specification.