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Cyclobenzaprine, sold under several brand names including, historically, Flexeril, is a muscle relaxer used for muscle spasms from musculoskeletal conditions of sudden onset. [5] It is not useful in cerebral palsy. [5] It is taken by mouth. [5] Common side effects include headache, feeling tired, dizziness, and dry mouth. [5]
Flurazepam [2] (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
In the elderly, long-term benzodiazepine therapy is a risk factor for amplifying cognitive decline, [29] although gradual withdrawal is associated with improved cognitive status. [30] A study of alprazolam found that 8 weeks administration of alprazolam resulted in deficits that were detectable after several weeks but not after 3.5 years. [31]
Zaleplon is slightly effective in treating insomnia, [11] primarily characterized by difficulty falling asleep. Zaleplon significantly reduces the time required to fall asleep by improving sleep latency and may therefore facilitate sleep induction rather than sleep maintenance.
Falls are a significant cause of death in older people. [14] [15] [16] An extensive review of the medical literature regarding the management of insomnia and the elderly found that considerable evidence of the effectiveness and lasting benefits of nondrug treatments for insomnia exist.
Causes Narcolepsy , idiopathic hypersomnia , circadian rhythm sleep disorder , sleep apnea , others Excessive daytime sleepiness ( EDS ) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep.
(Mother, 88, active, pain in neck and shoulders, went to ED, dx osteoarthritis, rx muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine HCl (Flexeril), on Beers Criteria list, should be avoided in older adults, can cause confusion, delerium, cognitive impairment. Pain subsided, never took it. 1 week later, right knee stiff, swollen, painful, problems walking, stairs.
Occupancy of σ 1 receptors by agonists causes translocation of the receptor from endoplasmic reticulum to peripheral areas (membranes) where the σ 1 receptors cause neurotransmitter release. [3] Opipramol is said to have a biphasic action, with prompt initial improvement of tension, anxiety, and insomnia followed by improved mood later. [ 3 ]