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760 Fetus or newborn affected by material conditions which may be unrelated to present pregnancy. 760.7 Noxious influences affecting fetus or newborn via placenta or breast milk. 760.71 Fetal alcohol syndrome; 760.72 Exposure to narcotics, perinatal; 760.75 Exposure to cocaine, perinatal; 761 Fetus or newborn affected by maternal complications ...
Progesterone causes many changes to the genitourinary system. A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increase blood volume and vasculature. Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which are normal. [33]
Hyperlactation syndrome is a condition where breast milk overflow occurs because of increased milk production. [1] The milk may come out fast and forcibly, making it difficult for the baby to nurse well. [2] Symptoms for the mother include breasts that never feel soft and comfortable, even after feeding, mastitis, blocked ducts and sore nipples.
Constipation – Constipation occurs in 11–38% of pregnant women. [29] Constipation during pregnancy is thought to be due to decreased smooth muscle motility in the bowel caused by normal increases in progesterone. [30] Treatment for constipation includes dietary modifications, including increased fiber and fluid intake, stool softeners, and ...
In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although in humans and goats, it can happen without pregnancy. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Nearly every species of mammal has teats ; except for monotremes , egg-laying mammals, which instead release milk through ducts in the abdomen.
On average, infants have 3-4 bowel movements/day, and toddlers have 2-3 bowel movements per day. At around age 4, children develop an adult-like pattern of bowel movements (1-2 stools/day). The median onset of functional constipation in children is at 2.3 years old, with girls and boys being similarly affected. [2]
Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
One cause of pituitary growth associated with the risk of Sheehan's syndrome is the hyperplasia of lactotrophs which produce prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. [5] Other hormone-secreting cells of the pituitary undergo rapid growth in pregnant women as well, which contribute to the gland's enlargement. [10]