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The Civil War was the last time a belligerent power seriously resorted to privateering. [2] The practice had already been outlawed among European countries by the Declaration of Paris (1856). Following the Civil War, the United States agreed to abide by the Declaration of Paris.
A letter of marque and reprisal (French: lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury.
Meanwhile, privateer Captain Richard Ingle, the co-commander of Claiborne, seized control of St. Mary's City, the capital of the Maryland colony. Catholic Governor Calvert escaped to the Virginia Colony. The Protestant pirates began plundering the property of anyone who did not swear allegiance to the English Parliament, mainly Catholics.
A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. [1] Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms.
The Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America was an Anglican Christian denomination which existed from 1861 to 1865. It was formed by Southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States during the American Civil War .
During the Nine Years' War, French policy strongly encouraged privateers, including the famous Jean Bart, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war. [5] In the following War of Spanish Succession, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships. [6]
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union [e] ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.
Religion and the American Civil War (1998) excerpt and text search; complete edition online; Queen, Edsward, ed. Encyclopedia of American Religious History (3rd ed. 3 vol 2009) Raboteau, Albert. Slave Religion: The "invisible Institution' in the Antebellum South, (1979) Richey, Russell E. et al. eds. United Methodism and American Culture.