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The first is dehydration along with low total body sodium. This is most commonly caused by heatstroke, burns, extreme sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea. [3] The second is low total body water with normal body sodium. This can be caused by diabetes insipidus, renal disease, hypothalamic dysfunction, sickle cell disease, and certain drugs. [3]
Lactic acidosis is commonly found in people who are unwell, such as those with severe heart and/or lung disease, a severe infection with sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to another cause, severe physical trauma, or severe depletion of body fluids. [3]
Metabolic acidosis can lead to acidemia, which is defined as arterial blood pH that is lower than 7.35. [6] Acidemia and acidosis are not mutually exclusive – pH and hydrogen ion concentrations also depend on the coexistence of other acid-base disorders ; therefore, pH levels in people with metabolic acidosis can range from low to high.
Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating. [4] Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine. [4] Cases in which the urine is dilute include adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and drinking too much water or too much beer. [4]
Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. [2] [3] Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. [4]
[1] [3] It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the intestines, and the potassium chloride and sodium citrate help prevent hypokalemia and acidosis, respectively, which are both common side effects of diarrhea. [4] [3] [5] A number of other formulations are also available including versions that can be made at home.
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate (HCO − 3), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.
Diarrhea can be prevented by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. [2] Breastfeeding for at least six months and vaccination against rotavirus is also recommended. [2] Oral rehydration solution (ORS)—clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar—is the treatment of choice. [2] Zinc tablets are also ...
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