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  2. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

    Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. [1] Therefore, even at absolute zero, atoms and molecules retain some vibrational motion.

  3. Quantum vacuum state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_vacuum_state

    The vacuum state is associated with a zero-point energy, and this zero-point energy (equivalent to the lowest possible energy state) has measurable effects. It may be detected as the Casimir effect in the laboratory. In physical cosmology, the energy of the cosmological vacuum appears as the cosmological constant.

  4. Ground state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_state

    Energy levels for an electron in an atom: ground state and excited states. After absorbing energy, an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher-energy excited state. The ground state of a quantum-mechanical system is its stationary state of lowest energy; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.

  5. Vacuum energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_energy

    In the sci-fi television/film franchise Stargate, a Zero Point Module (ZPM) is a power source that extracts zero-point energy from a micro parallel universe. [12] The book Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual describes the operating principle of the so-called quantum torpedo. In this fictional weapon, an antimatter reaction is used to ...

  6. Casimir effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

    In this case, the correct way to find the zero-point energy of the field is to sum the energies of the standing waves of the cavity. To each and every possible standing wave corresponds an energy; say the energy of the n th standing wave is E n. The vacuum expectation value of the energy of the electromagnetic field in the cavity is then

  7. Quantum harmonic oscillator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_harmonic_oscillator

    Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the n = 0 state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but ħω/2 above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical ...

  8. Particle in a box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box

    The lowest possible energy for the particle (its zero-point energy) is found in state 1, which is given by [10] = =. The particle, therefore, always has a positive energy. This contrasts with classical systems, where the particle can have zero energy by resting motionlessly.

  9. Quantum fluctuation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation

    3D visualization of quantum fluctuations of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) vacuum [1]. In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, [2] as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.