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The free product G ∗ H is the group whose elements are the reduced words in G and H, under the operation of concatenation followed by reduction. For example, if G is the infinite cyclic group x {\displaystyle \langle x\rangle } , and H is the infinite cyclic group y {\displaystyle \langle y\rangle } , then every element of G ∗ H is an ...
In mathematics, an operator or transform is a function from one space of functions to another. Operators occur commonly in engineering, physics and mathematics. Many are integral operators and differential operators.
axial × polar = polar; Because the cross product may also be a polar vector, it may not change direction with a mirror image transformation. This happens, according to the above relationships, if one of the operands is a polar vector and the other one is an axial vector (e.g., the cross product of two polar vectors).
In mathematics, a product is the result of multiplication, or an expression that identifies objects (numbers or variables) to be multiplied, called factors.For example, 21 is the product of 3 and 7 (the result of multiplication), and (+) is the product of and (+) (indicating that the two factors should be multiplied together).
For example, the coproduct in the category of groups, called the free product, is quite complicated. On the other hand, in the category of abelian groups (and equally for vector spaces ), the coproduct, called the direct sum , consists of the elements of the direct product which have only finitely many nonzero terms.
2. Denotes an infinite product. For example, the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function is () = =. 3. Also used for the Cartesian product of any number of sets and the direct product of any number of mathematical structures.
The six independent scalar products g ij =h i.h j of the natural basis vectors generalize the three scale factors defined above for orthogonal coordinates. The nine g ij are the components of the metric tensor, which has only three non zero components in orthogonal coordinates: g 11 =h 1 h 1, g 22 =h 2 h 2, g 33 =h 3 h 3.
The standard unit vectors in spherical and cylindrical coordinates furnish an example of a basis with non-vanishing commutation coefficients. The difference between the connection in such a frame, and the Levi-Civita connection is known as the contorsion tensor .