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Adults are described as having four attachment styles: [13] Secure; Anxious preoccupied; Dismissive avoidant; Fearful avoidant; These attachment styles in adults correspond to the secure attachment style, the anxious-ambivalent attachment style, the anxious-avoidant attachment style, and the disorganized attachment style respectively in children.
Attachment therapy, also known as 'holding therapy', is a group of unvalidated therapies characterized by forced restraint of children in order to make them relive attachment-related anxieties; a practice considered incompatible with attachment theory and its emphasis on 'secure base'. [2]
Adult attachment disorder (AAD) develops in adults as the result of an attachment disorder, or reactive attachment disorder, that goes untreated in childhood. It begins with children who were not allowed proper relationships with parents or guardians early in their youth, [ 1 ] or were abused by an adult in their developmental stages in life.
Development of the adult attachment theory and adult attachment measures in the 1990s provided researchers with the means to apply the attachment theory to health in a more systematic way. [3] Since that time, it has been used to understand variations in stress response, health outcomes and health behaviour.
Child attachment trauma leads into attachment issues as an adult. Individuals with attachment problems may show signs of distress during difficult situations, have trouble caring for others and letting themselves be cared for, are easily angered, and have difficulty focusing.
The three main ways of measuring attachment in adults include the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP), and self-report questionnaires. The AAI and AAP are based on a developmental perspective, while the self-report questionnaires are based on a social psychology perspective.
There is a lack of consensus about the precise meaning of the term "attachment disorder", but there is general agreement that such disorders arise only after early adverse caregiving experiences. Reactive attachment disorder indicates the absence of either or both the main aspects of proximity seeking to an identified attachment figure. This ...
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is described in clinical literature as a severe disorder that can affect children, although these issues do occasionally persist into adulthood. [1] [2] [3] RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. It can take the form of a ...