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The burden of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, including mother-to-child transmission of HIV, disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, in particular the countries of Southern Africa. [2] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. [3]
The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), found its way to the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, [2] but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981.
Although AIDS is a global disease, the CDC reports that Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV and AIDS worldwide, and accounts for approximately 61% of all new HIV infections. Other regions significantly affected by HIV and AIDS include Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia.
A good CD8 + T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus. [102] Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 + T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body ...
As of 2016, it is estimated that there are 1.5 million adults and children living with HIV/AIDS in North America, excluding Central America and the Caribbean. [ 1 ] 70,000 adults and children are newly infected every year, and the overall adult prevalence [ clarification needed ] is 0.5%.
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy. Nutritional ...
In America, girls aged 13 years old to 19 years old make up the majority of new HIV/AIDS cases. [36] 2002 2 million women worldwide became infected with HIV/AIDS. [35] 1.2 million women around the world died from HIV/AIDS. [35] 2008 Native American women became the third most likely to contract HIV/AIDS, following Black and Latina women. [37]
Although HIV/AIDS can be transmitted to offspring at different times, the most common time that mothers pass on the virus is during pregnancy. During the perinatal period, the embryo/fetus can contract the virus through the placenta. [71] Gestational diabetes is directly linked with obesity in offspring through adolescence. [87]