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  2. Current density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_density

    In electromagnetism, current density is the amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. [1] The current density vector is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that of the motion of the positive charges at this point.

  3. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    Canonical quantization of the electromagnetic fields proceeds by elevating the scalar and vector potentials; φ(x), A(x), from fields to field operators. Substituting 1/ c 2 = ε 0 μ 0 into the previous Lorenz gauge equations gives:

  4. Four-current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-current

    In special and general relativity, the four-current (technically the four-current density) [1] is the four-dimensional analogue of the current density, with units of charge per unit time per unit area. Also known as vector current, it is used in the geometric context of four-dimensional spacetime, rather than separating time from three ...

  5. Sources and sinks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_and_sinks

    where this time is the charge density, is the current density vector, and is the current source-sink term. The current source and current sinks are where the current density emerges σ > 0 {\displaystyle \sigma >0} or vanishes σ < 0 {\displaystyle \sigma <0} , respectively (for example, the source and sink can represent the two poles of an ...

  6. Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhomogeneous...

    Maxwell's equations can directly give inhomogeneous wave equations for the electric field E and magnetic field B. [1] Substituting Gauss's law for electricity and Ampère's law into the curl of Faraday's law of induction, and using the curl of the curl identity ∇ × (∇ × X) = ∇(∇ ⋅ X) − ∇ 2 X (The last term in the right side is the vector Laplacian, not Laplacian applied on ...

  7. Electromagnetic wave equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave_equation

    for virtually any well-behaved function g of dimensionless argument φ, where ω is the angular frequency (in radians per second), and k = (k x, k y, k z) is the wave vector (in radians per meter). Although the function g can be and often is a monochromatic sine wave , it does not have to be sinusoidal, or even periodic.

  8. Classical electromagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism

    These waves travel in vacuum at the speed of light and exist in a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Examples of the dynamic fields of electromagnetic radiation (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, light (infrared, visible light and ultraviolet), x-rays and gamma rays.

  9. Field (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(physics)

    A field can be classified as a scalar field, a vector field, a spinor field or a tensor field according to whether the represented physical quantity is a scalar, a vector, a spinor, or a tensor, respectively. A field has a consistent tensorial character wherever it is defined: i.e. a field cannot be a scalar field somewhere and a vector field ...