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Most widespread instruments are using liquid metal ion sources (LMIS), especially gallium ion sources. Ion sources based on elemental gold and iridium are also available. In a gallium LMIS, gallium metal is placed in contact with a tungsten needle, and heated gallium wets the tungsten and flows to the tip of the needle, where the opposing forces of surface tension and electric field form the ...
The basic layout of an ion beam apparatus is an accelerator which produces an ion beam that is feed through an evacuated beam-transport tube to a beam handling device. This device isolates the ion species and charge of interest which then are transported through an evacuated beam-transport tube into the target chamber.
A small ion beam rocket being tested by NASA. An ion beam is a beam of ions, a type of charged particle beam. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. There are many ion beam sources, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most widely ...
An anti-intrusion bar or beam is a passive safety device, installed in most cars and other ground vehicles, which must protect passengers from side impacts. [1] Side impacts are particularly dangerous for two reasons: a) the location of impact is very close to the passenger, who can be immediately reached by the impacting vehicle; b) in many side-impact accidents, the impacting vehicle may be ...
[27] [28] On Disney Junior's YouTube channel, all episodes have amassed more than 41 million views with the most popular episodes being Trucks (12M), Salt Fever (7,5M) and Lights Out (5,9M). There is an additional 18 million views on the compilation as of August 2024 as well as a combined 22 million views on the compilations on the Cars YouTube ...
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Ion beam mixing can be further enhanced by heat spike effects [4] Ion mixing (IM) is essentially similar in result to interdiffusion, hence most models of ion mixing involve an effective diffusion coefficient that is used to characterize thickness of the reacted layer as a function of ion beam implantation over a period of time.
In the US, it's common for children to leave Santa Claus milk and cookies. But this tradition looks different for children around the world. In Ireland, some families leave Santa a pint of Guinness.