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The Bode plotter is an electronic instrument resembling an oscilloscope, which produces a Bode diagram, or a graph, of a circuit's voltage gain or phase shift plotted against frequency in a feedback control system or a filter. An example of this is shown in Figure 10.
Magnitude transfer function of a bandpass filter with lower 3 dB cutoff frequency f 1 and upper 3 dB cutoff frequency f 2 Bode plot (a logarithmic frequency response plot) of any first-order low-pass filter with a normalized cutoff frequency at =1 and a unity gain (0 dB) passband.
Magnitude response of a low pass filter with 6 dB per octave or 20 dB per decade roll-off. Measuring the frequency response typically involves exciting the system with an input signal and measuring the resulting output signal, calculating the frequency spectra of the two signals (for example, using the fast Fourier transform for discrete signals), and comparing the spectra to isolate the ...
A first-order filter, for example, reduces the signal amplitude by half (so power reduces by a factor of 4, or 6 dB), every time the frequency doubles (goes up one octave); more precisely, the power rolloff approaches 20 dB per decade in the limit of high frequency. The magnitude Bode plot for a first-order filter looks like a horizontal line ...
When viewed on a logarithmic Bode plot, the response slopes off linearly towards negative infinity. A first-order filter's response rolls off at −6 dB per octave (−20 dB per decade) (all first-order lowpass filters have the same normalized frequency response). A second-order filter decreases at −12 dB per octave, a third-order at −18 dB ...
Bode plot illustrating phase margin. In electronic amplifiers, the phase margin (PM) is the difference between the phase lag φ (< 0) and -180°, for an amplifier's output signal (relative to its input) at zero dB gain - i.e. unity gain, or that the output signal has the same amplitude as the input.
Bode plot showing the concept of a decade: each major division on the horizontal axis is one decade Electronic frequency responses are often described in terms of "per decade". The example Bode plot shows a slope of −20 dB /decade in the stopband, which means that for every factor-of-ten increase in frequency (going from 10 rad/s to 100 rad/s ...
For transfer functions (e.g., Bode plot, chirp) the complete frequency response may be graphed in two parts: power versus frequency and phase versus frequency—the phase spectral density, phase spectrum, or spectral phase. Less commonly, the two parts may be the real and imaginary parts of the transfer function.