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Racial discrimination also results in impacts on the credit scores and economic security of communities of color—that ultimately, "entrenches and reinforces inequality by dictating a consumer's access to future opportunities". [110] Numerous studies have found racial disparities in credit scoring:
The series, which has been sponsored for over seven years by Pittsburgh law firms Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC and Reed Smith LLC, has included topics such as depression in African Americans, the racial views of teenagers, housing and workplace discrimination, the racial gap in education and how neighborhood culture affects racial inequality. [2]
Societal racism is a type of racism based on a set of institutional, historical, cultural and interpersonal practices within a society that places one or more social or ethnic groups in a better position to succeed and disadvantages other groups so that disparities develop between the groups. [1]
The racial achievement gap in the United States refers to disparities in educational achievement between differing ethnic/racial groups. [1] It manifests itself in a variety of ways: African-American and Hispanic students are more likely to earn lower grades, score lower on standardized tests, drop out of high school, and they are less likely to enter and complete college than whites, while ...
Even when controlling for socioeconomic status, racial divides in health persist. For example, Black Americans with college degrees have worse health outcomes than White and Hispanic Americans who have high school diplomas. [24] Studies on heart disease mortality have found that gaps between Black and White Americans exist at every education level.
[Note 1] Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S. [7] Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which most scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism. [8] [1] [9] [3]
The education of African Americans and some other minorities lags behind those of other U.S. ethnic groups, such as White Americans and Asian Americans, as reflected by test scores, grades, urban high school graduation rates, rates of disciplinary action, and rates of conferral of undergraduate degrees.
Oppositional culture, also known as the "blocked opportunities framework" or the "caste theory of education", is a term most commonly used in studying the sociology of education to explain racial disparities in educational achievement, particularly between white and black Americans.