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Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C 6 H 4 (OH) 2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
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There are three structural isomers: 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (the ortho isomer) is commonly known as catechol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (the meta isomer) is commonly known as resorcinol, and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (the para isomer) is commonly known as hydroquinone. [1]
Hydroquinone is used to reduce the activated silver ions to metallic silver. During this process, hydroquinone is oxidized to quinone. All silver halide not activated by light or reduced by hydroquinone is removed, leaving a negative by deposited silver where the film had been struck by light.
Hydroquinone is a commonly used agent in skin whiteners. The European Union banned it from cosmetics in 2000. [9] It works by decreasing melanin production. [9] Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid, may be used to whiten specific areas. [6] It may be used in combination with steroids and hydroquinone. [6]
Hydroquinone is the compound most frequently used in skin-whitening products. Due to concerns about its side effects, it was almost banned by the FDA in 2006, as medical issues of carcinogenicity and reports of disfiguring ochronosis existed. [10] In the European Union hydroquinone has been banned in cosmetic creams since 2000. [11]
Three forms of flavodoxin exist: Oxidized, (OX) semiquinone, (SQ) and hydroquinone (HQ). While relatively small (M w = 15-22 kDa), [ 6 ] flavodoxins exist in "long" and "short" chain classifications. Short chain flavodoxins contain between 140 and 180 amino acid residues, [ 4 ] while long chain flavodoxins include a 20 amino acid insertion into ...
Arbutin is a compound where a glucose molecule, specifically d-glucose, is chemically bound to hydroquinone.In aqueous solutions, glucose can exist in one of three stereoisomeric forms: α, β, or γ, with the β-anomer being the predominant form. [4]
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