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The Journey of Reconciliation, also [1] called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. [2] Bayard Rustin and 18 other men and women were the early organizers of the two-week journey that began on April 9, 1947.
Freedom Riders (original) - Oxford University Press; Freedom Riders - Abridged Edition - Oxford University Press; Freedom Riders at the Internet Archive; The book's introduction: " "Freedom Riders" by Raymond Arsenault (July-August 2006 P&R Issue)". Poverty & Race Research Action Council. 2006-08-01. - PDF (endnotes are not present on this page)
The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating. The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement. They called national attention to the ...
Birmingham activist Fred Shuttlesworth, who sheltered the Freedom Riders following the attacks. Photograph taken in 2002. After receiving medical treatment, the Freedom Riders and the accompanying journalists were eventually reunited at Shuttlesworth's house, which doubled as a headquarters for the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights ...
The Nashville Student Movement was key in establishing leadership in the Freedom Riders. [ 2 ] Members of the Nashville Student Movement, who went on to lead many of the activities and create and direct many of the strategies of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, included Diane Nash , Bernard Lafayette , James Bevel , John Lewis , C. T. Vivian ...
After it became certain that the Freedom Rides were to be carried out, Shuttlesworth worked with the Congress of Racial Equality (C.O.R.E.) to organize the Rides [9] and became engaged with ensuring the success of the rides, especially during their stint in Alabama. [10] Shuttlesworth mobilized some of his fellow clergy to assist the rides.
Bruce Carver Boynton, a civil rights pioneer from Alabama who inspired the landmark “Freedom Rides" of 1961, died Monday. Former Alabama state Sen. Hank Sanders, a friend of Boynton’s, on ...
Reverse Freedom Rides were attempts in 1962 by segregationists in the Southern United States to send African Americans from southern cities to mostly northern, and some western, cities by bus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They were given free one-way bus tickets and were promised guaranteed high-paying jobs and free housing in an attempt to lure African Americans.