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  2. Fold (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)

    Layers of rock that fold into a hinge need to accommodate large deformations in the hinge zone. This results in voids between the layers. These voids, and especially the fact that the water pressure is lower in the voids than outside of them, act as triggers for the deposition of minerals.

  3. Structural geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_geology

    Because rocks are essentially aggregates of minerals, we can think of them as poly-crystalline materials. Dislocations are a type of crystallographic defect which consists of an extra or missing half plane of atoms in the periodic array of atoms that make up a crystal lattice.

  4. Deformation mechanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_mechanism

    Dislocation creep is a non-linear (plastic) deformation mechanism in which vacancies in the crystal glide and climb past obstruction sites within the crystal lattice. [1] These migrations within the crystal lattice can occur in one or more directions and are triggered by the effects of increased differential stress.

  5. Geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

    Solidified lava flow in Hawaii Sedimentary layers in Badlands National Park, South Dakota Metamorphic rock, Nunavut, Canada. Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth' and λoγία () 'study of, discourse') [1] [2] is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. [3]

  6. Cleavage (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)

    The degree of deformation and metamorphism along with rock type determines the kind of cleavage feature that develops. Generally, these structures are formed in fine grained rocks composed of minerals affected by pressure solution. [1] Cleavage is a type of rock foliation, a fabric element that describes the way planar features develop in a ...

  7. Fracture (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(geology)

    The reaction between certain fluids and the minerals the rock is composed of can lower the stress required for fracture below the stress required throughout the rest of the rock. For instance, water and quartz can react to form a substitution of OH molecules for the O molecules in the quartz mineral lattice near the fracture tip.

  8. Detachment fold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_fold

    Topographic map showing detachment folds in the eastern Sichuan Basin, China.. A detachment fold, in geology, occurs as layer parallel thrusting along a decollement (or detachment) develops without upward propagation of a fault; the accommodation of the strain produced by continued displacement along the underlying thrust results in the folding of the overlying rock units.

  9. Crenulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenulation

    Micaceous minerals form planar surfaces known as foliations perpendicular to the principal stress fields. If a rock is subjected to two separate deformations and the second deformation is at some other angle to the original, growth of new micas on the foliation planes will create a new foliation plane perpendicular to the plane of principal stress.