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Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
In chemistry, the mesomeric effect (or resonance effect) is a property of substituents or functional groups in a chemical compound. It is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. [ 1 ]
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. [1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism.
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration that matches its natural frequency. When this happens, the object or system absorbs energy from the external force and starts vibrating with a larger amplitude .
Mössbauer observed resonance in nuclei of solid iridium, which raised the question of why gamma-ray resonance was possible in solids, but not in gases. Mössbauer proposed that, for the case of atoms bound into a solid, under certain circumstances a fraction of the nuclear events could occur essentially without recoil.
Thus resonance is achievable not only about the possible energy-levels of a two-level atom, but also about the sub-levels in the energy created by lifting the degeneracy of the level. If the applied magnetic field is tuned properly, the polarization of resonance fluorescence can be used to describe the composition of the excited state.
In chemistry, catalytic resonance theory was developed to describe the kinetics of reaction acceleration using dynamic catalyst surfaces. Catalytic reactions occur on surfaces that undergo variation in surface binding energy and/or entropy, exhibiting overall increase in reaction rate when the surface binding energy frequencies are comparable to the natural frequencies of the surface reaction ...
Electron spin resonance dating is being used in fields like radiation chemistry, biochemistry, and as well as geology, archaeology, and anthropology. [4] ESR dating is used instead of radiocarbon dating or radiometric dating because ESR dating can be applied on materials different from other methods, as well as covering different age ranges. [1]