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Heterodoxy was the name adopted by a feminist debating group in Greenwich Village, New York City, in the early 20th century. [1] It was notable for providing a forum for the development of more radical conceptions of feminism than the suffrage and women's club movements of the time. [2]
Radical Women emerged in Seattle from a "Free University" class on Women and Society conducted by Gloria Martin, [2] a lifelong communist and civil rights champion. [3] As a result of the class, Martin teamed up with Clara Fraser [4] and Melba Windoffer (initiators of the Freedom Socialist Party) and Susan Stern (a prominent figure in the local Students for a Democratic Society) to launch ...
Ware divided the contemporary women's liberation movement into three categories: NOW, or reform feminism; the WLM, or the women's liberation movement, representing feminist thoughts that all evade revolution; and radical feminism. Ware defined the term, "radical" as "revolutionary," conveying that radical feminism is a complete revolution.
Carol Hanisch (born 1942) is an American radical feminist activist. She was an important member of New York Radical Women and Redstockings.She is best known for popularizing the phrase "the personal is political" in a 1970 essay of the same name. [1]
The Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) was formed originally by some of the more conservative members of the National Organization for Women (NOW) when NOW was viewed as radical. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] The members who founded WEAL focused on employment and education, and shunned issues of contraception and abortion. [ 43 ]
The group is a strong advocate of consciousness raising and what they refer to as "The Pro-Woman Line" – the idea that women's submission to male supremacy was a conscious adaptation to their lack of power under patriarchy, rather than internalized "brainwashing" on the part of women, as was held by some other radical feminist groups.
Some socialist feminists, many of the Radical Women and the Freedom Socialist Party, point to the classic Marxist writings of Frederick Engels [57] and August Bebel [58] as a powerful explanation of the link between gender oppression and class exploitation. To some other socialist feminists, this view of gender oppression is naive and much of ...
With this formulation, all women wanted to marry, all good women stayed at home with their children, cooking and cleaning, and the best women did the aforementioned and in addition, exercised their purchasing power freely and as frequently as possible to better their families and their homes. [93]