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Cell-free DNA can be used the determine the Rh antigen of the fetus when the mother is Rh negative. Blood is taken from the mother during the pregnancy, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This blood test is non-invasive to the fetus and is an easy way of checking antigen status and risk of HDN.
Immunohistochemistry for CK7 of a metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma to a lymph node. Because the keratin-7 antigen is found in both healthy and neoplastic cells, antibodies to CK7 can be used in immunohistochemistry to distinguish ovarian and transitional cell carcinomas (staining positive) from colonic and prostate cancers (negative), respectively.
A Rhc negative mother can become sensitised by red blood cell (RBC) Rhc antigens by her first pregnancy with a Rhc positive fetus. The mother can make IgG anti-Rhc antibodies, which are able to pass through the placenta and enter the fetal circulation. If the fetus is Rhc positive alloimmune hemolysis can occur leading to HDN.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, [1] [2] is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus at or around birth, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta.
A Toker cell is an epithelial cell with clear cytoplasm in the nipple of some women. [1] Toker cells are believed to develop from sebaceous glands. [1] They are cytokeratin 7 (CK7) positive, in contrast to squamous epithelium. [1] Rarely, they can be numerous and atypical, and difficult to distinguish from malignant cells of Paget's disease of ...
The Kell antigen system (also known as the Kell–Cellano system) is a human blood group system, that is, a group of antigens on the human red blood cell surface which are important determinants of blood type and are targets for autoimmune or alloimmune diseases which destroy red blood cells.
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Maternal IgG is able to pass through the placenta into the fetus and if the level of it is sufficient, it will cause destruction of D positive fetal red blood cells, leading to development of the anti-Rh type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Generally, HDFN becomes worse with each additional Rh incompatible pregnancy.