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  2. Carnitine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine

    Carnitine has no effect on most parameters in end-stage kidney disease, although it may lower C-reactive protein, a biomarker for systemic inflammation. [26] Carnitine blood levels and muscle stores can become low, which may contribute to anemia , muscle weakness, fatigue, altered levels of blood fats, and heart disorders. [ 1 ]

  3. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-butyrobetaine_di...

    Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (also known as BBOX, GBBH or γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BBOX1 gene. [5] [6] Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase catalyses the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine, the last step in the L-carnitine biosynthesis pathway. [7]

  4. Systemic primary carnitine deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_primary_carnitine...

    The presentation of patient with SPCD can be incredibly varied, from asymptomatic to lethal cardiac manifestations. [5] Early cases were reported with liver dysfunction, muscular findings (weakness and underdevelopment), hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy and marked carnitine deficiency in plasma and tissues, combined with increased excretion in urine. [5]

  5. Advanced glycation end-product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product

    In the end, effective clearance is necessary, and those suffering AGE increases because of kidney dysfunction might require a kidney transplant. [ 22 ] In diabetics who have an increased production of an AGE, kidney damage reduces the subsequent urinary removal of AGEs, forming a positive feedback loop that increases the rate of damage.

  6. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_propionyl-l-carnitine

    In other studies, GPLC has been shown to have no effect on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance, with results showing that up to 3 grams per day for 8 weeks in conjunction with aerobic-exercise training is ineffective for increasing muscle carnitine content and has no significant effects on aerobic- or anaerobic-exercise performance. [7]

  7. Palmitoylcarnitine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitoylcarnitine

    Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane prevents the entry of long chain fatty acids (>C10), so the conversion of fatty ...

  8. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyl...

    Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, sometimes shortened to CPT-II or CPT2, is an autosomal recessively inherited genetic metabolic disorder characterized by an enzymatic defect that prevents long-chain fatty acids from being transported into the mitochondria for utilization as an energy source.

  9. Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine-acylcarnitine...

    Free long-chain fatty acids or those that are joined with carnitine can affect the electrical properties of cardiac cells causing an irregular heart beat (arrhythmia, which can lead to cardiac arrest). Fatty acids may also build up in tissues and can damage the heart, liver, and muscles, and cause more serious complications.

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