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Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
[1] [2] At least 16 systemic diseases have been linked to periodontitis. These systemic diseases are associated with periodontal disease because they generally contribute to either a decreased host resistance to infections or dysfunction in the connective tissue of the gums, increasing patient susceptibility to inflammation-induced destruction. [1]
This includes oral glucose tolerance test for diabetes mellitus, blood studies, human gonadotrophin levels for pregnancy, [5] and X-rays for teeth and jaw bones. [4] In order to determine the periodontal health of a patient, the dentist or dental hygienist records the sulcular depths of the gingiva and observes any bleeding on probing.
A variety of cardiovascular diseases can also be associated with periodontal disease. Patients with higher levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 can lead to progression of atherosclerosis and the development and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation, [42] as it is associated with platelet and coagulation cascade ...
Non-plaque-induced gingival disease is an inflammation of the gingiva that does not result from dental plaque, but from other gingival diseases caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or genetic sources. Although this gingival disease is less common than those which are plaque-induced, it can have a serious impact on the patient's overall health.
Non-dental-plaque-induced gingival diseases are the most uncommon bacterial infection of the gingiva. Here is each category classification based on the Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions in 2017: Gingival Classifications Dental plaque biofilm-induced [3] Associated with dental biofilm alone; Mediated by systemic or local risk ...
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Patients do not have any underlying systemic disease that would contribute to aggressive periodontitis. [21] For instance, diabetes is proved to be associated with periodontitis- it is a major risk factor when glycaemic control is poor. [22] The rate of loss of attachment and bone loss is rapid. [19]