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The Upanishad describes three types of Self : the Bahya-atma or external self (body), the Antar-atma or inner self (individual soul) and the Param-atma or highest self (the Brahman, Purusha). [ 2 ] [ 6 ] The text asserts that one must meditate, during Yoga , on the highest self as one's self that is partless, spotless, changeless, desireless ...
[note 1] The term is often translated as soul, [note 2] but is better translated as "Self", [1] as it solely refers to pure consciousness or witness-consciousness, beyond identification with phenomena. In order to attain moksha (liberation), a human being must acquire self-knowledge (Atma Gyaan or Brahmajnana).
The moksa state is attained when a soul is liberated from the cycles of deaths and rebirths , is at the apex, is omniscient, remains there eternally, and is known as a siddha. [124] In Jainism, it is believed to be a stage beyond ethical perfection, states Paul Dundas , because they can perform physical and mental activities such as teach ...
The Modern English noun soul is derived from Old English sāwol, sāwel.The earliest attestations reported in the Oxford English Dictionary are from the 8th century. In King Alfred's translation of De Consolatione Philosophiae, it is used to refer to the immaterial, spiritual, or thinking aspect of a person, as contrasted with the person's physical body; in the Vespasian Psalter 77.50, it ...
A soul or jiva is differentiated from God or Ishvara due to the jiva’s dependence on Ishvara; this state is an indication of eternal, ontological distinction. [11] Unique to this school is the idea of a hierarchy of souls, evocative of predestination. Within the system, some souls are inherently and eternally destined for liberation, others ...
Mahavira taught attainment of samyak darshan or self realization through the practice of bhedvijnāna, which involves positioning oneself as a pure soul, separate from body, mind and emotions, and being aware of the soul's true nature; and to remain grounded and steadfast in soul's unchanging essence during varying auspicious or inauspicious ...
A visual rendition of the Islamic model of the soul showing the position of "nafs" relative to other concepts, based on a consensus of 18 surveyed academic and religious experts [1] Nafs ( نَفْس ) is an Arabic word occurring in the Quran , literally meaning " self ", and has been translated as " psyche ", " ego " or " soul ".
But the pure Brahm and only pure Brahm is the effect and cause of this world." [10] The Shuddhadvaita philosophy has also been explained by various scholars of the sect, such as Devarshi Ramanath Shastri, who has enunciated the tenets of this philosophy in his books ‘Shuddhadvait Siddhantasaar’ (Hindi and Gujarati) and Shuddhadvaita Darshan.