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Raised bed gardening. Raised-bed gardening is a form of gardening in which the soil is raised above ground level and usually enclosed in some way. Raised bed structures can be made of wood, rock, concrete or other materials, and can be of any size or shape. [1] The soil is usually enriched with compost. [2]
Hügelkultur bed prior to being covered with soil. Hügelkultur is a German word meaning mound culture or hill culture. [3] Though the technique is alleged to have been practiced in German and Eastern European societies for hundreds of years, [1] [4] the term was first published in a 1962 German gardening booklet by Herrman Andrä. [5]
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The wood moisture content is above 25% on a dry-weight basis; The environment is sufficiently warm; Oxygen (O 2) is present; Wood with less than 25% moisture (dry weight basis) can remain free of decay for centuries. Similarly, wood submerged in water may not be attacked by fungi if the amount of oxygen is inadequate. Fungi lumber/timber ...
When free hydroxyl groups are transformed to acetoxy groups, the ability of the wood to absorb water is greatly reduced, rendering the wood more dimensionally stable and, because it is no longer digestible, extremely durable. In general, softwoods naturally have an acetyl content from 0.5 to 1.5% and more durable hardwoods from 2 to 4.5%.
The mercury is both gaseous as elemental mercury (especially when wood pellets are burned) or mercury oxide, and solid PM2.5 particulate matter when untreated wood is used. [ 36 ] When wood burning is used for space heating, indoor emissions of 1,3-butadiene , benzene , formaldehyde and acetaldehyde , which are suspected or known carcinogenic ...
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