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Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that impairs the ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles, and specifically impacts REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. [1] The pentad symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep-related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, disturbed nocturnal sleep (DNS), and cataplexy. [1]
Cataplexy is the first symptom to appear in about 10% of cases of narcolepsy, [2] caused by an autoimmune destruction of hypothalamic neurons that produce the neuropeptide hypocretin (also called orexin), which regulates arousal and has a role in stabilization of the transition between wake and sleep states. [3]
Usually, people with this disorder have ataxia, mild–moderate sensorineural hearing loss, narcolepsy, and cataplexy. These symptoms start happening when an affected person is about 30 years old. [6] [7] A bit later in life, people with ADCADN start showing a decline in executive function known as dementia.
A large percentage of people with narcolepsy have cataplexy as well, which along with excessive sleepiness disrupts a person’s ability to socialize, work at a job, drive a car or even have close ...
Sodium oxybate, sold under the brand name Xyrem among others, is a medication used to treat symptoms of narcolepsy: sudden muscle weakness and excessive daytime sleepiness. [3] [7] [8] It is used sometimes in France and Italy as an anesthetic given intravenously.
Pediatric narcolepsy cases are cases when patients are diagnosed or experience symptoms onset for narcolepsy before the age of 18. Of patients who obtain a formal diagnosis for narcolepsy, more than 50% report first experiencing symptoms of narcolepsy more than 10 years before their formal diagnosis, with an average age of symptom onset being at age 15 and symptom onset most likely to occur ...
Treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) relies on identifying and treating the underlying disorder which may cure the person from the EDS. Drugs like modafinil , [ 22 ] armodafinil , [ 23 ] pitolisant [ 24 ] (Wakix), sodium oxybate (Xyrem) oral solution, have been approved as treatment for EDS symptoms in the United States.
“They told us as soon as they gave us the diagnosis that pretty much the only course of treatment would be to get a hemispherectomy, which is a surgery to remove the left side of the brain ...
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