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In statistics, the Q-function is the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In other words, Q ( x ) {\displaystyle Q(x)} is the probability that a normal (Gaussian) random variable will obtain a value larger than x {\displaystyle x} standard deviations.
is called a biquadratic function; equating it to zero defines a biquadratic equation, which is easy to solve as follows Let the auxiliary variable z = x 2. Then Q(x) becomes a quadratic q in z: q(z) = a 4 z 2 + a 2 z + a 0. Let z + and z − be the roots of q(z). Then the roots of the quartic Q(x) are
In mathematics and statistics, Q-distribution or q-distribution may refer to: Q-function, the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution; The studentized range distribution, which is the distribution followed by the q-statistic (lowercase Q; the Q-statistic with uppercase Q, from the Box-Pierce test or Ljung-Box test, follows the chi-squared distribution)
The Husimi Q distribution (called Q-function in the context of quantum optics) is one of the simplest distributions of quasiprobability in phase space. It is constructed in such a way that observables written in anti-normal order follow the optical equivalence theorem. This means that it is essentially the density matrix put into normal order ...
Using the fact that (,) =, the generalized Marcum Q-function can alternatively be defined as a finite integral as (,) = (+) ().However, it is preferable to have an integral representation of the Marcum Q-function such that (i) the limits of the integral are independent of the arguments of the function, (ii) and that the limits are finite, (iii) and that the integrand is a Gaussian function ...
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt) is an Austroasiatic language spoken primarily in Vietnam where it is the official language. It belongs to the Vietic subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family. [5] Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, [1] several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. [6]
Lyapunov functions are used extensively in control theory to ensure different forms of system stability. The state of a system at a particular time is often described by a multi-dimensional vector. A Lyapunov function is a nonnegative scalar measure of this multi-dimensional state.
In mathematical physics and probability and statistics, the Gaussian q-distribution is a family of probability distributions that includes, as limiting cases, the uniform distribution and the normal (Gaussian) distribution.