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Plants that participate in these symbioses have specialized roots with no root hairs, which are covered with a layer of epidermal cells that the fungus penetrates into and completely occupies. [17] The fungi have a simple intraradical (growth in cells) phase, consisting of dense coils of hyphae in the outermost layer of root cells.
The roots, or parts of roots, of many plant species have become specialized to serve adaptive purposes besides the two primary functions [clarification needed], described in the introduction. Adventitious roots arise out-of-sequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root, and instead originate from the stem, branches ...
Root tip, showing young root hairs. Root hairs or absorbent hairs, are outgrowths of epidermal cells, specialized cells at the tip of a plant root. They are lateral extensions of a single cell and are only rarely branched. They are found in the region of maturation, of the root.
These specialized aerial roots enable plants to breathe air in habitats with waterlogged soil. The roots may grow downward from the stem or upward from typical roots. Some botanists classify them as aerating roots rather than aerial roots if they emerge from the soil.
The maize plant with marker “5” (left) is anchored to the soil by brace roots whereas the maize plant with marker “4” (right) lacks brace roots and is lodged. The function of roots is partially determined by organization, shape, and size of individual roots, which is collectively called root system architecture.
In the root epidermis, epidermal hairs termed root hairs are common and are specialized for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients. In plants with secondary growth , the epidermis of roots and stems is usually replaced by a periderm through the action of a cork cambium .
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