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  2. Area density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_density

    A special type of area density is called column density (also columnar mass density or simply column density), denoted ρ A or σ. It is the mass of substance per unit area integrated along a path; [ 1 ] It is obtained integrating volumetric density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } over a column: [ 2 ] σ = ∫ ρ d s . {\displaystyle \sigma =\int \rho ...

  3. Wigner–Seitz radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner–Seitz_radius

    The Wigner–Seitz radius, named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the mean volume per atom in a solid (for first group metals). [1] In the more general case of metals having more valence electrons, r s {\\displaystyle r_{\\rm {s}}} is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the ...

  4. On the Sphere and Cylinder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder

    The ratio of the volume of a sphere to the volume of its circumscribed cylinder is 2:3, as was determined by Archimedes. The principal formulae derived in On the Sphere and Cylinder are those mentioned above: the surface area of the sphere, the volume of the contained ball, and surface area and volume of the cylinder.

  5. Sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheres

    A sphere of radius r has area element = ⁡. This can be found from the volume element in spherical coordinates with r held constant. [9] A sphere of any radius centered at zero is an integral surface of the following differential form: + + =

  6. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  7. Close-packing of equal spheres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres

    The distance between the centers along the shortest path namely that straight line will therefore be r 1 + r 2 where r 1 is the radius of the first sphere and r 2 is the radius of the second. In close packing all of the spheres share a common radius, r. Therefore, two centers would simply have a distance 2r.

  8. Sphere packing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_packing

    When the smaller sphere has a radius greater than 0.41421 of the radius of the larger sphere, it is no longer possible to fit into even the octahedral holes of the close-packed structure. Thus, beyond this point, either the host structure must expand to accommodate the interstitials (which compromises the overall density), or rearrange into a ...

  9. Volume of an n-ball - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_an_n-ball

    where S n − 1 (r) is an (n − 1)-sphere of radius r (being the surface of an n-ball of radius r) and dA is the area element (equivalently, the (n − 1)-dimensional volume element). The surface area of the sphere satisfies a proportionality equation similar to the one for the volume of a ball: If A n − 1 ( r ) is the surface area of an ( n ...

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