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Baconian fallacy – supposing that historians can obtain the "whole truth" via induction from individual pieces of historical evidence. The "whole truth" is defined as learning "something about everything", "everything about something", or "everything about everything". In reality, a historian "can only hope to know something about something ...
Belief bias, an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion. [ 87 ] Illusory truth effect , the tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is easier to process , or if it has been stated multiple times , regardless of its actual veracity.
Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.
Another proposal is that people show confirmation bias because they are pragmatically assessing the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, scientific way. Flawed decisions due to confirmation bias have been found in a wide range of political, organizational, financial and scientific contexts.
Outside of formal scientific inquiry, human behavior and the human condition is also a major focus of philosophy and literature. [5] Philosophy of mind considers aspects such as free will, the mind–body problem, and malleability of human behavior. [7] Human behavior may be evaluated through questionnaires, interviews, and experimental methods.
Therefore X must be false." While Y people can believe X to be true for fallacious reasons, X might still be true. Their motivations for believing X do not affect whether X is true or false. Y = most people, a given quantity of people, people of a particular demographic. X = a statement that can be true or false. Examples:
In many real-world examples, it can be difficult to say with complete certainty that certain events happened or happen because of a sociopsychological effect such as diffusion of responsibility, the reasons being that in these events, there are many other contributing factors. Many of these events have also been traumatizing for the individuals ...
The psychological literature has distinguished between several different forms of ambivalence. [4] One, often called subjective ambivalence or felt ambivalence, represents the psychological experience of conflict (affective manifestation), mixed feelings, mixed reactions (cognitive manifestation), and indecision (behavioral manifestation) in the evaluation of some object.