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Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α 2A-adrenergic receptor agonist [12] medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (e.g., alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions. [13]
Saphris – atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; Serax – anti-anxiety medication of the benzodiazepine class, often used to help during detoxification from alcohol or other addictive substances; Serentil (mesoridazine) – an antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia [1]
The use of guanfacine for treating prefrontal disorders was developed by the Arnsten Lab at Yale University. [43] [18] Guanfacine is much more selective for α 2A-adrenergic receptors than clonidine, which binds to and activates not only the α 2A-adrenergic receptor but also α 2B-and α 2C-adrenergic receptors and the imidazoline receptor. [18]
Tizanidine, sold under the brand name Zanaflex among others, is an alpha-2 (α 2) adrenergic receptor agonist, [2] similar to clonidine, that is used to treat muscle spasticity due to spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and spastic cerebral palsy. [3] Effectiveness appears similar to baclofen or diazepam. [4] It is taken by mouth. [5]
Xylazine is widely used in veterinary medicine as a sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic. It is frequently used in the treatment of tetanus. [1] It is not used in human medical treatment. Xylazine is similar to drugs such as phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, and clonidine. [3]
[10] [11] It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. [5] It is administered as an injection or intravenous solution or as a buccal or sublingual film. [1] Similar to clonidine, dexmedetomidine is a sympatholytic drug that acts as an agonist of α 2-adrenergic receptors in certain parts ...
However, there is controversy regarding naloxone's efficacy in treating the symptoms of clonidine overdose, namely slow heart rate, low blood pressure, and confusion/somnolence. [28] Case reports that used doses of 0.1 mg/kg (maximum of 2 mg/dose) repeated every 1–2 minutes (10 mg total dose) have shown inconsistent benefit. [ 28 ]
Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat muscle spasticity, such as from a spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. [8] [9] It may also be used for hiccups and muscle spasms near the end of life [9], and off-label to treat alcohol use disorder [10] [11] or opioid withdrawal symptoms. [12]
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